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JAVASCRIPTHTMLCSSPYTHONSQLJAVACPPCSHARPPHPTYPESCRIPTCRUBYGOSWIFTKOTLINRUSTRBASHSCALAOBJECTIVE-CDARTPERLLUAMATLABXMLJSONMARKDOWNASSEMBLYLATEXYAMLSOLIDITYBLOCKCHAIN

Topics

Ruby Basics

Introduction to RubyInstalling RubyRuby SyntaxRuby CommentsRuby VariablesRuby Data TypesRuby OperatorsRuby ConstantsRuby OutputRuby InputRuby String Interpolation

Control Structures

Ruby If-Else StatementsRuby Case StatementsRuby Unless StatementRuby While LoopsRuby For LoopsRuby Each IteratorRuby Break and NextRuby Redo and Retry

Ruby Methods

Defining Ruby MethodsRuby Method ArgumentsRuby Default ArgumentsRuby Keyword ArgumentsRuby Variable ArgumentsRuby Return ValuesRuby Method Aliases

Ruby Collections

Ruby ArraysRuby Array MethodsRuby HashesRuby Hash MethodsRuby RangesRuby Sets

Ruby OOP

Ruby ClassesRuby ObjectsRuby InheritanceRuby ModulesRuby MixinsRuby EncapsulationRuby PolymorphismRuby Method OverridingRuby Class VariablesRuby Instance VariablesRuby Getters and SettersRuby attr_* Methods

Ruby Advanced Concepts

Ruby BlocksRuby ProcsRuby LambdasRuby ClosuresRuby MetaprogrammingRuby ReflectionRuby Dynamic Method CreationRuby Singleton ClassesRuby Method MissingRuby Symbols

Ruby Exception Handling

Ruby Begin-Rescue-EndRuby Raise ExceptionsRuby Custom ExceptionsRuby Ensure ClauseRuby Retry Statement

Ruby File I/O

Ruby File Open and CloseRuby File Read OperationsRuby File Write OperationsRuby File ModesRuby Directory Operations

Ruby Modules and Gems

Ruby Module CreationRuby Module InclusionRuby NamespacesRuby Gem BasicsRuby Gem InstallationRuby Bundler

Ruby Testing

Ruby Unit TestingRuby Test::Unit FrameworkRuby RSpec BasicsRuby Mocking and Stubbing

Ruby Concurrency

Ruby ThreadsRuby FibersRuby GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)Ruby Parallel Processing

Ruby and the Web

Ruby CGI ProgrammingRuby ERB TemplatesRuby and HTTPRuby JSON ParsingRuby XML Parsing

Ruby Performance

Ruby ProfilingRuby BenchmarkingRuby Memory ManagementRuby Garbage Collection

Ruby Best Practices

Ruby Code Style GuideRuby Naming ConventionsRuby Design PatternsRuby Refactoring Techniques

Raising Exceptions in Ruby

Exception handling is a crucial aspect of writing robust Ruby programs. The raise method allows developers to explicitly trigger exceptions when exceptional situations occur.

Understanding Exceptions

Exceptions are objects that represent errors or unexpected situations in your code. They interrupt the normal flow of program execution and can be caught and handled using Ruby's Begin-Rescue-End blocks.

Basic Syntax

To raise an exception in Ruby, use the raise method. Here's the simplest form:

raise "An error occurred"

This creates a new RuntimeError with the given message.

Raising Specific Exception Types

You can raise specific exception types by passing the exception class as an argument:

raise ArgumentError, "Invalid argument provided"

Common Use Cases

Raising exceptions is useful in various scenarios:

  • Validating method arguments
  • Signaling impossible conditions
  • Handling unexpected states in your program

Example: Argument Validation

def divide(a, b)
  raise ArgumentError, "Divisor cannot be zero" if b == 0
  a / b
end

begin
  result = divide(10, 0)
rescue ArgumentError => e
  puts "Error: #{e.message}"
end

In this example, we raise an ArgumentError if the divisor is zero, preventing a division by zero error.

Custom Exceptions

You can create custom exceptions by inheriting from StandardError or its subclasses:

class InsufficientFundsError < StandardError; end

def withdraw(amount, balance)
  raise InsufficientFundsError, "Not enough funds" if amount > balance
  balance - amount
end

Best Practices

  • Use specific exception types for better error handling
  • Provide clear, informative error messages
  • Raise exceptions for exceptional conditions, not for normal control flow
  • Consider using custom exceptions for domain-specific errors

Conclusion

Raising exceptions is a powerful tool in Ruby for handling errors and exceptional situations. By using raise effectively, you can create more robust and maintainable code. Remember to combine exception raising with proper exception handling for comprehensive error management in your Ruby applications.