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JAVASCRIPTHTMLCSSPYTHONSQLJAVACPPCSHARPPHPTYPESCRIPTCRUBYGOSWIFTKOTLINRUSTRBASHSCALAOBJECTIVE-CDARTPERLLUAMATLABXMLJSONMARKDOWNASSEMBLYLATEXYAMLSOLIDITYBLOCKCHAIN

Topics

Ruby Basics

Introduction to RubyInstalling RubyRuby SyntaxRuby CommentsRuby VariablesRuby Data TypesRuby OperatorsRuby ConstantsRuby OutputRuby InputRuby String Interpolation

Control Structures

Ruby If-Else StatementsRuby Case StatementsRuby Unless StatementRuby While LoopsRuby For LoopsRuby Each IteratorRuby Break and NextRuby Redo and Retry

Ruby Methods

Defining Ruby MethodsRuby Method ArgumentsRuby Default ArgumentsRuby Keyword ArgumentsRuby Variable ArgumentsRuby Return ValuesRuby Method Aliases

Ruby Collections

Ruby ArraysRuby Array MethodsRuby HashesRuby Hash MethodsRuby RangesRuby Sets

Ruby OOP

Ruby ClassesRuby ObjectsRuby InheritanceRuby ModulesRuby MixinsRuby EncapsulationRuby PolymorphismRuby Method OverridingRuby Class VariablesRuby Instance VariablesRuby Getters and SettersRuby attr_* Methods

Ruby Advanced Concepts

Ruby BlocksRuby ProcsRuby LambdasRuby ClosuresRuby MetaprogrammingRuby ReflectionRuby Dynamic Method CreationRuby Singleton ClassesRuby Method MissingRuby Symbols

Ruby Exception Handling

Ruby Begin-Rescue-EndRuby Raise ExceptionsRuby Custom ExceptionsRuby Ensure ClauseRuby Retry Statement

Ruby File I/O

Ruby File Open and CloseRuby File Read OperationsRuby File Write OperationsRuby File ModesRuby Directory Operations

Ruby Modules and Gems

Ruby Module CreationRuby Module InclusionRuby NamespacesRuby Gem BasicsRuby Gem InstallationRuby Bundler

Ruby Testing

Ruby Unit TestingRuby Test::Unit FrameworkRuby RSpec BasicsRuby Mocking and Stubbing

Ruby Concurrency

Ruby ThreadsRuby FibersRuby GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)Ruby Parallel Processing

Ruby and the Web

Ruby CGI ProgrammingRuby ERB TemplatesRuby and HTTPRuby JSON ParsingRuby XML Parsing

Ruby Performance

Ruby ProfilingRuby BenchmarkingRuby Memory ManagementRuby Garbage Collection

Ruby Best Practices

Ruby Code Style GuideRuby Naming ConventionsRuby Design PatternsRuby Refactoring Techniques

Ruby Operators

Ruby operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one or more operands. They are essential for manipulating data and controlling program flow in Ruby.

Types of Ruby Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations on numeric values.

  • + (Addition)
  • - (Subtraction)
  • * (Multiplication)
  • / (Division)
  • % (Modulus)
  • ** (Exponentiation)

Example:


a = 10
b = 3

puts a + b  # Output: 13
puts a - b  # Output: 7
puts a * b  # Output: 30
puts a / b  # Output: 3
puts a % b  # Output: 1
puts a ** b # Output: 1000

2. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result.

  • == (Equal to)
  • != (Not equal to)
  • > (Greater than)
  • < (Less than)
  • >= (Greater than or equal to)
  • <= (Less than or equal to)
  • <=> (Spaceship operator)

Example:


x = 5
y = 10

puts x == y  # Output: false
puts x != y  # Output: true
puts x > y   # Output: false
puts x < y   # Output: true
puts x >= 5  # Output: true
puts y <= 9  # Output: false
puts x <=> y # Output: -1 (x is less than y)

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions.

  • && (AND)
  • || (OR)
  • ! (NOT)

Example:


a = true
b = false

puts a && b  # Output: false
puts a || b  # Output: true
puts !a      # Output: false

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

  • = (Simple assignment)
  • += (Add and assign)
  • -= (Subtract and assign)
  • *= (Multiply and assign)
  • /= (Divide and assign)
  • %= (Modulus and assign)
  • **= (Exponentiate and assign)

Example:


x = 5
x += 3  # Equivalent to x = x + 3
puts x  # Output: 8

y = 10
y *= 2  # Equivalent to y = y * 2
puts y  # Output: 20

Operator Precedence

Ruby follows a specific order of precedence for operators. Understanding this order is crucial for writing correct expressions.

Precedence Operator
1 (Highest) **
2 !, ~, unary +
3 *, /, %
4 +, -
5 <<, >>
6 &
7 ^, |
8 <, <=, >, >=
9 ==, !=, ===, =~, !~
10 &&&
11 ||
12 (Lowest) .., ...

Best Practices

  • Use parentheses to clarify operator precedence in complex expressions.
  • Avoid using too many operators in a single expression to maintain readability.
  • Be cautious when using the == operator with floating-point numbers due to precision issues.
  • Utilize the Ruby Constants when working with fixed values to improve code maintainability.

Understanding Ruby operators is crucial for effective programming. They form the foundation for Ruby If-Else Statements, Ruby Loops, and other control structures. As you progress, you'll find operators essential in working with Ruby Arrays and Ruby Hashes.