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Topics

Introduction to SQL

What is SQL?SQL HistorySQL StandardsSQL vs NoSQLSQL Database Management Systems

SQL Basics

SQL SyntaxSQL CommentsSQL Data TypesSQL OperatorsSQL ExpressionsSQL LiteralsSQL IdentifiersSQL KeywordsSQL Case Sensitivity

SQL Database Fundamentals

Database ConceptsTables and FieldsPrimary KeysForeign KeysIndexesConstraintsNormalizationDenormalizationSQL Schema Design

SQL Data Manipulation

SQL SELECT StatementSQL INSERT StatementSQL UPDATE StatementSQL DELETE StatementSQL MERGE StatementSQL AliasesSQL WildcardsSQL LIKE OperatorSQL IN OperatorSQL BETWEEN OperatorSQL NULL ValuesSQL ORDER BY ClauseSQL LIMIT ClauseSQL OFFSET Clause

SQL Filtering and Sorting

SQL WHERE ClauseSQL AND, OR, NOT OperatorsSQL GROUP BY ClauseSQL HAVING ClauseSQL DISTINCT KeywordSQL TOP Clause

SQL Joins

SQL INNER JOINSQL LEFT JOINSQL RIGHT JOINSQL FULL OUTER JOINSQL CROSS JOINSQL Self JOINSQL Natural JOINSQL Multiple JOINs

SQL Functions

SQL Aggregate FunctionsSQL Scalar FunctionsSQL String FunctionsSQL Numeric FunctionsSQL Date FunctionsSQL Conversion FunctionsSQL System FunctionsSQL User-Defined Functions

SQL Subqueries

SQL Subquery BasicsCorrelated SubqueriesNested SubqueriesSQL EXISTS OperatorSQL ANY and ALL OperatorsSubqueries in SELECTSubqueries in FROMSubqueries in WHERE

SQL Views

Creating SQL ViewsAltering SQL ViewsDropping SQL ViewsUpdatable ViewsMaterialized ViewsView Limitations

SQL Transactions

SQL Transaction BasicsACID PropertiesBEGIN TRANSACTIONCOMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINTTransaction Isolation Levels

SQL Data Definition

SQL CREATE TABLESQL ALTER TABLESQL DROP TABLESQL TRUNCATE TABLESQL CREATE INDEXSQL DROP INDEXSQL CREATE DATABASESQL ALTER DATABASESQL DROP DATABASE

SQL Data Control

SQL GRANTSQL REVOKESQL RolesSQL UsersSQL Privileges

SQL Performance Optimization

SQL Query OptimizationSQL Execution PlansSQL Index OptimizationSQL Query TuningSQL CachingSQL Partitioning

Advanced SQL Concepts

SQL Stored ProceduresSQL TriggersSQL CursorsSQL Common Table ExpressionsSQL Window FunctionsSQL Pivot and UnpivotSQL JSON OperationsSQL XML OperationsSQL Full-Text Search

SQL Best Practices

SQL Naming ConventionsSQL Code OrganizationSQL Error HandlingSQL Security Best PracticesSQL Backup and RecoverySQL Version Control

SQL Keywords: Essential Building Blocks of Database Queries

SQL keywords are reserved words that form the foundation of SQL syntax. They play a crucial role in constructing database queries, defining table structures, and manipulating data. Understanding these keywords is essential for anyone working with relational databases.

What Are SQL Keywords?

SQL keywords are predefined words with specific meanings and functions in SQL statements. They instruct the database management system on how to interpret and execute queries. Keywords are typically written in uppercase, although SQL is generally case-insensitive.

Common SQL Keywords

Here are some frequently used SQL keywords:

  • SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables
  • FROM: Specifies the table(s) to query
  • WHERE: Filters data based on specified conditions
  • INSERT: Adds new records to a table
  • UPDATE: Modifies existing records in a table
  • DELETE: Removes records from a table
  • CREATE: Creates new database objects (e.g., tables, views)
  • ALTER: Modifies the structure of existing database objects
  • DROP: Removes database objects

Examples of SQL Keywords in Action

1. Retrieving Data

SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'Sales';

In this example, SELECT, FROM, and WHERE are SQL keywords used to retrieve specific columns from the 'employees' table, filtering for the Sales department.

2. Inserting Data

INSERT INTO customers (name, email, phone)
VALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com', '555-1234');

Here, INSERT INTO and VALUES are keywords used to add a new record to the 'customers' table.

Best Practices for Using SQL Keywords

  • Write keywords in uppercase for better readability
  • Use appropriate indentation to structure your queries
  • Combine keywords logically to create efficient queries
  • Be aware of the order of keywords in your statements
  • Understand the specific function of each keyword you use

SQL Keywords and Database Management Systems

While most SQL keywords are standard across different Database Management Systems, some may have slight variations or additional keywords. It's important to consult the documentation for your specific DBMS to ensure compatibility.

Conclusion

Mastering SQL keywords is fundamental to writing effective database queries. As you progress in your SQL journey, you'll encounter more advanced keywords and SQL syntax elements. Practice using these keywords in various combinations to build powerful and efficient database operations.

Remember, SQL keywords work in conjunction with other important concepts like SQL operators and SQL expressions to create comprehensive database queries. Keep exploring and experimenting to enhance your SQL skills!