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Topics

C++ Basics

Introduction to C++C++ History and EvolutionC++ Environment SetupC++ First ProgramC++ SyntaxC++ CommentsC++ Data TypesC++ VariablesC++ ConstantsC++ KeywordsC++ OperatorsC++ Input/Output

C++ Control Structures

C++ If-Else StatementsC++ Switch StatementsC++ For LoopsC++ While LoopsC++ Do-While LoopsC++ Break and ContinueC++ Goto Statement

C++ Functions

C++ Function BasicsC++ Function ParametersC++ Function OverloadingC++ Inline FunctionsC++ RecursionC++ Default ArgumentsC++ Lambda Expressions

C++ Arrays and Strings

C++ ArraysC++ Multidimensional ArraysC++ C-style StringsC++ String ClassC++ String FunctionsC++ String Streams

C++ Pointers and References

C++ Pointers BasicsC++ Pointer ArithmeticC++ ReferencesC++ Pointers vs ReferencesC++ Dynamic Memory AllocationC++ Smart Pointers

C++ Object-Oriented Programming

C++ Classes and ObjectsC++ Constructors and DestructorsC++ Access SpecifiersC++ EncapsulationC++ InheritanceC++ PolymorphismC++ Virtual FunctionsC++ Abstract ClassesC++ Interfaces (Pure Virtual)C++ Friend Functions and Classes

C++ Templates

C++ Function TemplatesC++ Class TemplatesC++ Template SpecializationC++ Variadic Templates

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Try-Catch BlocksC++ Throwing ExceptionsC++ Custom ExceptionsC++ Exception Specifications

C++ File Handling

C++ File I/O StreamsC++ Reading from FilesC++ Writing to FilesC++ Binary File Operations

C++ Standard Template Library

C++ STL ContainersC++ STL AlgorithmsC++ STL IteratorsC++ STL Function Objects

C++ Advanced Topics

C++ NamespacesC++ Preprocessor DirectivesC++ Type CastingC++ MultithreadingC++ Regular ExpressionsC++ Move SemanticsC++ Rvalue References

C++ Memory Management

C++ Stack vs HeapC++ Memory LeaksC++ Garbage CollectionC++ Custom Allocators

C++ Best Practices

C++ Coding StandardsC++ Performance OptimizationC++ Debugging TechniquesC++ Unit Testing

Throwing Exceptions in C++

Exception handling is a crucial aspect of writing robust C++ programs. It allows developers to manage and respond to runtime errors gracefully. In this guide, we'll explore how to throw exceptions in C++.

What is Exception Throwing?

Throwing an exception is the process of signaling that an error or exceptional condition has occurred in your program. It's a way to interrupt the normal flow of execution and transfer control to an error-handling routine.

Basic Syntax

To throw an exception in C++, you use the throw keyword followed by an expression. This expression can be of any type, but it's common to use objects of exception classes.


throw exception_object;

Examples of Throwing Exceptions

1. Throwing a Standard Exception


#include <stdexcept>

void divide(int a, int b) {
    if (b == 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("Division by zero!");
    }
    // Perform division
}

2. Throwing a Custom Exception


class CustomException : public std::exception {
public:
    const char* what() const noexcept override {
        return "A custom exception occurred";
    }
};

void riskyFunction() {
    // Some code that might cause an error
    throw CustomException();
}

Best Practices for Throwing Exceptions

  • Use exceptions for exceptional conditions, not for normal control flow.
  • Throw by value, catch by reference. This avoids object slicing and improves performance.
  • Use standard exceptions when appropriate, or derive from std::exception for custom exceptions.
  • Provide meaningful error messages in your exceptions to aid debugging.
  • Be mindful of exception safety and ensure resources are properly managed.

Exception Specifications (Deprecated)

C++98 introduced exception specifications, but they were deprecated in C++11 and removed in C++17. Instead, use noexcept to indicate functions that don't throw exceptions.


void safeFunction() noexcept {
    // This function guarantees it won't throw exceptions
}

Related Concepts

To fully understand exception handling in C++, you should also be familiar with:

Conclusion

Throwing exceptions is a powerful mechanism for error handling in C++. When used judiciously, it can significantly improve the robustness and reliability of your code. Remember to balance exception usage with performance considerations and always strive for exception-safe code.