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Topics

Introduction to C

What is C?History of CC's importance in programmingSetting up C environmentFirst C program: Hello, World!

C Basics

C program structureC syntaxC commentsC keywordsC identifiersC data typesC variablesC constantsC operatorsC type casting

C Control Structures

C if statementC if...else statementC switch statementC for loopC while loopC do...while loopC break statementC continue statementC goto statement

C Functions

C function declarationC function definitionC function parametersC function return valuesC function prototypesC recursive functionsC library functions

C Arrays

C one-dimensional arraysC multi-dimensional arraysC array initializationC array manipulationC arrays and functions

C Pointers

C pointer basicsC pointer arithmeticC pointers and arraysC pointers and functionsC pointer to pointerC void pointers

C Strings

C string basicsC string functionsC string manipulationC string formatting

C Structures and Unions

C structuresC nested structuresC unionsC typedefC bit fields

C Memory Management

C memory layoutC stack and heapC dynamic memory allocationC memory deallocationC memory leaks

C File Handling

C file operationsC file modesC file readingC file writingC file positioning

C Preprocessor

C preprocessor directivesC macro definitionsC conditional compilationC include guards

C Standard Library

C stdio.hC stdlib.hC string.hC math.hC time.h

C Advanced Topics

C command line argumentsC error handlingC multithreadingC socket programmingC and assembly integration

C Best Practices

C coding styleC code optimizationC debugging techniquesC security considerationsC portability issues

C String Basics

In C programming, strings are sequences of characters stored as arrays. Understanding string basics is crucial for effective text manipulation and data handling.

String Declaration and Initialization

C strings are essentially arrays of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). Here's how to declare and initialize strings:

char greeting[] = "Hello, World!";
char name[20] = "John Doe";

The null terminator is automatically added by the compiler when using string literals.

String Input and Output

Reading and writing strings in C involves specific functions:

  • scanf() for input (be cautious with buffer overflows)
  • printf() for output
  • gets() and puts() for line-based I/O (deprecated due to security issues)

String Manipulation

C provides various functions for string manipulation, found in the <string.h> header:

#include <string.h>

char str1[20] = "Hello";
char str2[20] = "World";

strcat(str1, str2);  // Concatenates str2 to str1
int len = strlen(str1);  // Gets the length of str1
strcmp(str1, str2);  // Compares str1 and str2

Important Considerations

  • Always ensure sufficient space for the null terminator
  • Be mindful of buffer overflows when working with strings
  • Use strncpy() instead of strcpy() for safer copying
  • Remember that string literals are immutable in C

Related Concepts

To deepen your understanding of C strings, explore these related topics:

Mastering C string basics is essential for effective text processing and data manipulation in C programming. Practice regularly to become proficient in working with strings.