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Topics

C++ Basics

Introduction to C++C++ History and EvolutionC++ Environment SetupC++ First ProgramC++ SyntaxC++ CommentsC++ Data TypesC++ VariablesC++ ConstantsC++ KeywordsC++ OperatorsC++ Input/Output

C++ Control Structures

C++ If-Else StatementsC++ Switch StatementsC++ For LoopsC++ While LoopsC++ Do-While LoopsC++ Break and ContinueC++ Goto Statement

C++ Functions

C++ Function BasicsC++ Function ParametersC++ Function OverloadingC++ Inline FunctionsC++ RecursionC++ Default ArgumentsC++ Lambda Expressions

C++ Arrays and Strings

C++ ArraysC++ Multidimensional ArraysC++ C-style StringsC++ String ClassC++ String FunctionsC++ String Streams

C++ Pointers and References

C++ Pointers BasicsC++ Pointer ArithmeticC++ ReferencesC++ Pointers vs ReferencesC++ Dynamic Memory AllocationC++ Smart Pointers

C++ Object-Oriented Programming

C++ Classes and ObjectsC++ Constructors and DestructorsC++ Access SpecifiersC++ EncapsulationC++ InheritanceC++ PolymorphismC++ Virtual FunctionsC++ Abstract ClassesC++ Interfaces (Pure Virtual)C++ Friend Functions and Classes

C++ Templates

C++ Function TemplatesC++ Class TemplatesC++ Template SpecializationC++ Variadic Templates

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Try-Catch BlocksC++ Throwing ExceptionsC++ Custom ExceptionsC++ Exception Specifications

C++ File Handling

C++ File I/O StreamsC++ Reading from FilesC++ Writing to FilesC++ Binary File Operations

C++ Standard Template Library

C++ STL ContainersC++ STL AlgorithmsC++ STL IteratorsC++ STL Function Objects

C++ Advanced Topics

C++ NamespacesC++ Preprocessor DirectivesC++ Type CastingC++ MultithreadingC++ Regular ExpressionsC++ Move SemanticsC++ Rvalue References

C++ Memory Management

C++ Stack vs HeapC++ Memory LeaksC++ Garbage CollectionC++ Custom Allocators

C++ Best Practices

C++ Coding StandardsC++ Performance OptimizationC++ Debugging TechniquesC++ Unit Testing

C++ String Functions

C++ string functions are essential tools for manipulating and working with text in C++ programs. They provide a wide range of operations for string handling, making text processing tasks more efficient and straightforward.

Introduction to C++ String Functions

The C++ string class, part of the Standard Template Library (STL), offers numerous built-in functions for string manipulation. These functions allow developers to perform common operations like concatenation, substring extraction, and character replacement with ease.

Common String Functions

1. Length and Size

To determine the length of a string, use the length() or size() function:


string text = "Hello, World!";
cout << text.length(); // Output: 13
cout << text.size();   // Output: 13

2. Concatenation

Combine strings using the + operator or the append() function:


string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "World";
string result = str1 + " " + str2; // "Hello World"
str1.append(" ").append(str2);     // "Hello World"

3. Substring Extraction

Extract a portion of a string using the substr() function:


string text = "C++ Programming";
string sub = text.substr(4, 11); // "Programming"

4. Character Access

Access individual characters using array-style indexing or the at() function:


string text = "C++";
char first = text[0];   // 'C'
char last = text.at(2); // '+'

5. String Comparison

Compare strings using comparison operators or the compare() function:


string str1 = "apple";
string str2 = "banana";
bool isEqual = (str1 == str2);        // false
int result = str1.compare(str2);      // negative value

Advanced String Operations

1. Find and Replace

Locate substrings and replace content within strings:


string text = "Hello, World!";
size_t pos = text.find("World");      // 7
text.replace(7, 5, "C++");            // "Hello, C++!"

2. Insertion and Erasure

Insert or remove characters from strings:


string text = "Hello World";
text.insert(5, ", C++");              // "Hello, C++ World"
text.erase(5, 5);                     // "Hello World"

Best Practices

  • Use the string class instead of C-style strings for better safety and functionality.
  • Be mindful of string immutability; operations create new strings rather than modifying existing ones.
  • Use reserve() to pre-allocate memory for large strings to improve performance.
  • Consider using C++ String Streams for complex string manipulations and conversions.

Performance Considerations

While C++ string functions are convenient, they may have performance implications for large-scale operations. For performance-critical applications, consider using C-style strings or custom string handling techniques.

Conclusion

C++ string functions provide a robust toolkit for text manipulation. By mastering these functions, developers can efficiently handle various string-related tasks in their C++ programs. For more advanced string handling, explore C++ Regular Expressions.