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Topics

C++ Basics

Introduction to C++C++ History and EvolutionC++ Environment SetupC++ First ProgramC++ SyntaxC++ CommentsC++ Data TypesC++ VariablesC++ ConstantsC++ KeywordsC++ OperatorsC++ Input/Output

C++ Control Structures

C++ If-Else StatementsC++ Switch StatementsC++ For LoopsC++ While LoopsC++ Do-While LoopsC++ Break and ContinueC++ Goto Statement

C++ Functions

C++ Function BasicsC++ Function ParametersC++ Function OverloadingC++ Inline FunctionsC++ RecursionC++ Default ArgumentsC++ Lambda Expressions

C++ Arrays and Strings

C++ ArraysC++ Multidimensional ArraysC++ C-style StringsC++ String ClassC++ String FunctionsC++ String Streams

C++ Pointers and References

C++ Pointers BasicsC++ Pointer ArithmeticC++ ReferencesC++ Pointers vs ReferencesC++ Dynamic Memory AllocationC++ Smart Pointers

C++ Object-Oriented Programming

C++ Classes and ObjectsC++ Constructors and DestructorsC++ Access SpecifiersC++ EncapsulationC++ InheritanceC++ PolymorphismC++ Virtual FunctionsC++ Abstract ClassesC++ Interfaces (Pure Virtual)C++ Friend Functions and Classes

C++ Templates

C++ Function TemplatesC++ Class TemplatesC++ Template SpecializationC++ Variadic Templates

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Try-Catch BlocksC++ Throwing ExceptionsC++ Custom ExceptionsC++ Exception Specifications

C++ File Handling

C++ File I/O StreamsC++ Reading from FilesC++ Writing to FilesC++ Binary File Operations

C++ Standard Template Library

C++ STL ContainersC++ STL AlgorithmsC++ STL IteratorsC++ STL Function Objects

C++ Advanced Topics

C++ NamespacesC++ Preprocessor DirectivesC++ Type CastingC++ MultithreadingC++ Regular ExpressionsC++ Move SemanticsC++ Rvalue References

C++ Memory Management

C++ Stack vs HeapC++ Memory LeaksC++ Garbage CollectionC++ Custom Allocators

C++ Best Practices

C++ Coding StandardsC++ Performance OptimizationC++ Debugging TechniquesC++ Unit Testing

C++ String Class

The C++ string class is a powerful and versatile tool for handling text in C++ programs. It provides a more convenient and safer alternative to C-style strings, offering a wide range of built-in functions for string manipulation.

Introduction to the String Class

Unlike C-style strings, which are character arrays, the C++ string class is part of the Standard Template Library (STL). It automatically manages memory allocation and deallocation, making it easier to work with strings of varying lengths.

Basic Usage

To use the string class, you need to include the <string> header. Here's a simple example of creating and using a string:


#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string greeting = "Hello, World!";
    std::cout << greeting << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

String Operations

The string class provides numerous methods for string manipulation. Here are some common operations:

Concatenation

You can easily concatenate strings using the + operator or the append() method:


std::string first = "Hello";
std::string second = "World";
std::string result = first + " " + second;
// result is now "Hello World"

first.append(" ").append(second);
// first is now "Hello World"

Substring Extraction

Use the substr() method to extract a portion of a string:


std::string text = "C++ Programming";
std::string sub = text.substr(4, 11);
// sub is now "Programming"

String Length

Get the length of a string using the length() or size() method:


std::string str = "Hello";
int len = str.length(); // len is 5

String Comparison

The string class overloads comparison operators, making it easy to compare strings:


std::string s1 = "apple";
std::string s2 = "banana";

if (s1 < s2) {
    std::cout << "apple comes before banana" << std::endl;
}

Best Practices

  • Use the string class instead of C-style strings for most string operations in C++.
  • Take advantage of the built-in methods for string manipulation to write cleaner and more efficient code.
  • Remember that strings in C++ are mutable, allowing in-place modifications.
  • Use std::string_view for read-only string operations to improve performance.

Performance Considerations

While the string class is convenient, it may have some performance overhead compared to C-style strings. For performance-critical applications, consider using C++ performance optimization techniques or C-style strings where appropriate.

Conclusion

The C++ string class simplifies string handling in C++ programs. It offers a rich set of functions for string manipulation, making it an essential tool for C++ developers. By mastering the string class, you'll be able to write more robust and efficient code when working with text in your C++ applications.