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Topics

C++ Basics

Introduction to C++C++ History and EvolutionC++ Environment SetupC++ First ProgramC++ SyntaxC++ CommentsC++ Data TypesC++ VariablesC++ ConstantsC++ KeywordsC++ OperatorsC++ Input/Output

C++ Control Structures

C++ If-Else StatementsC++ Switch StatementsC++ For LoopsC++ While LoopsC++ Do-While LoopsC++ Break and ContinueC++ Goto Statement

C++ Functions

C++ Function BasicsC++ Function ParametersC++ Function OverloadingC++ Inline FunctionsC++ RecursionC++ Default ArgumentsC++ Lambda Expressions

C++ Arrays and Strings

C++ ArraysC++ Multidimensional ArraysC++ C-style StringsC++ String ClassC++ String FunctionsC++ String Streams

C++ Pointers and References

C++ Pointers BasicsC++ Pointer ArithmeticC++ ReferencesC++ Pointers vs ReferencesC++ Dynamic Memory AllocationC++ Smart Pointers

C++ Object-Oriented Programming

C++ Classes and ObjectsC++ Constructors and DestructorsC++ Access SpecifiersC++ EncapsulationC++ InheritanceC++ PolymorphismC++ Virtual FunctionsC++ Abstract ClassesC++ Interfaces (Pure Virtual)C++ Friend Functions and Classes

C++ Templates

C++ Function TemplatesC++ Class TemplatesC++ Template SpecializationC++ Variadic Templates

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Try-Catch BlocksC++ Throwing ExceptionsC++ Custom ExceptionsC++ Exception Specifications

C++ File Handling

C++ File I/O StreamsC++ Reading from FilesC++ Writing to FilesC++ Binary File Operations

C++ Standard Template Library

C++ STL ContainersC++ STL AlgorithmsC++ STL IteratorsC++ STL Function Objects

C++ Advanced Topics

C++ NamespacesC++ Preprocessor DirectivesC++ Type CastingC++ MultithreadingC++ Regular ExpressionsC++ Move SemanticsC++ Rvalue References

C++ Memory Management

C++ Stack vs HeapC++ Memory LeaksC++ Garbage CollectionC++ Custom Allocators

C++ Best Practices

C++ Coding StandardsC++ Performance OptimizationC++ Debugging TechniquesC++ Unit Testing

C++ Classes and Objects

Classes and objects are cornerstone concepts in C++ and object-oriented programming. They provide a powerful way to structure code and represent real-world entities in your programs.

What are Classes?

A class is a user-defined data type that encapsulates data and functions that operate on that data. It serves as a blueprint for creating objects.

Class Declaration

Here's a basic syntax for declaring a class in C++:

class ClassName {
    // Access specifiers
    public:
        // Public members
    private:
        // Private members
    protected:
        // Protected members
};

Objects: Instances of Classes

An object is an instance of a class. It has its own set of data members and can use the functions defined in the class.

Creating Objects

To create an object, you declare a variable of the class type:

ClassName objectName;

Practical Example

Let's create a simple Car class to demonstrate these concepts:

class Car {
public:
    string brand;
    string model;
    int year;

    void displayInfo() {
        cout << year << " " << brand << " " << model << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Car myCar;
    myCar.brand = "Toyota";
    myCar.model = "Corolla";
    myCar.year = 2022;

    myCar.displayInfo();  // Output: 2022 Toyota Corolla

    return 0;
}

Key Concepts

  • Member Variables: Data associated with the class (e.g., brand, model, year).
  • Member Functions: Functions that operate on the class data (e.g., displayInfo()).
  • Access Specifiers: Control the visibility of class members (public, private, protected).

Best Practices

Advanced Topics

As you become more comfortable with classes and objects, explore these advanced concepts:

Understanding classes and objects is crucial for effective C++ programming. They form the foundation for creating modular, reusable, and maintainable code in object-oriented design.